Antonym,Synonym,Hyponym and collocation

     Antonyms

        Definition

An antonym is a word that is the opposite meaning of another. It comes from the Greek words “anti” for opposite and “onym” for name.

  

     Working with Antonyms

Sometimes you need to take two steps to enlarge your findings when doing antonym research:

Step 1: Search for the antonyms for a word.

Here is an example of antonyms for the word "good" from Rhyme Zone.com:

• bad, badly, badness, evil, evilness, ill, malevolent, malicious, poorly, wicked

Step 2: Search for synonyms of the antonyms identifed in step one.

If you take the first antonym listed, “bad,” and search for synonyms, you would be shown 73 synonyms for “bad.” That would give you a lot of antonyms to choose from when looking for that perfect antonym for good, including words such as: awful, dreadful, hard, hopeless, inferior, lousy, painful, rotten, severe, stale, terrible, and tough

     Adding a Prefix

Sometimes, an antonym can be easily made by adding a prefix.

Examples of antonyms that were made by adding the prefix “un” are:

• Likely and unlikely
• Able and unable
• Fortunate and unfortunate
• Forgiving and unforgiving

By adding the prefix “non” you can make these pairs:

• Entity and nonentity
• Conformist and nonconformist
• Payment and nonpayment
• Combatant and noncombatant

Lastly, adding the prefix “in” can make the following pairs:

• Tolerant and intolerant
• Decent and indecent
• Discreet and indiscreet
• Excusable and inexcusable

 

Synonym

A synonym is a word having the same or nearly the same meaning as another word in certain contexts. Adjective: synonymous. Contrast with antonym.

Synonymy is the sense relation that exists between words with closely related meanings.

    Synonym Examples

• Annihilation, destruction, carnage, extinction
• Benefit, profit, revenue, yield
• Cunning, keen, sharp, slick
• Destitute, poor, bankrupt, impoverished
• Deterioration, pollution, defilement, adulteration
• Enormous, huge, gigantic, massive

 

hyponym  

In linguistics, a hyponym is a specific term used to designate a member of a broader class. For instance, daisy and rose are hyponyms of flower. Also called a subtype or a subordinate term. 

 Hyponymy shows the relationship between the more general terms (hypernyms) and the more specific instances of it (hyponyms). 

A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is more specific than its hypernym. The semantic field of a hypernym, also known as a superordinate, is broader than that of a hyponym. An approach to the relationship between hyponyms and hypernyms is to view a hypernym as consisting of hyponyms.

This, however, becomes more difficult with abstract words such as imagine, understand and knowledge. While hyponyms are typically used to refer to nouns, it can also be used on other parts of speech. Like nouns, hyponyms in verbs are words that refer to a broad category of actions

example :

the verb cook has many hyponyms.

Word: Cook

Hyponyms: Roast, boil, fry, grill, bake.

the verb colour has many hyponyms

Word: colour

Hyponyms: blue, red, yellow, green, black and purple

Hyponymy involves the logical relationship of entailment. Example : ‘There is a horse’ entails that ‘There is an animal”. Hyponymy often functions In discourse as a means of lexical cohesion by establishing referential equivalence to avoid repetition.

Collocation

A collocation is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association.

Collocational range refers to the set of items that typically accompany a word. The size of a collocational range is partially determined by a word's level of specificity and number of meanings.

Collocation Examples

Here are a number of common collocations in English:

make the bed -> I need to make the bed everyday.
do the homework -> My son does his homework after dinner.
take a risk -> Some people don't take enough risks in life.
give someone advice -> The teacher gave us some advice on taking tests.

 

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-antonyms-synonyms-and-homonyms.html

http://grammar.about.com/od/rs/g/synonymterm.htm

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-antonyms.html

http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/collocationterm.htm